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.Stober, Dan, and Ian Hoffman.Convenient Spy: Wen Ho Lee andthe Politics of Nuclear Espionage.New York: Simon andSchuster, 2001.384p.Wen Ho Lee was a Chinese-American working at the Los Alamoslabs who was arrested for spying.Plea bargains resulted in virtu- Books 199ally all charges against him being dropped, as the government scase was riddled with problems.This book is as much about theattempt to prosecute Lee as it is about his alleged spying.Theauthors conclude that Lee s explanations for his activities, back-ing up his computer files on tape, is undercut by critical facts.Atthe same time they acknowledge that all of the alternative theo-ries, including the suggestion that he was spying for China orTaiwan, are inadequate.With regard to the overall politics of theLee case, the authors conclude that it demonstrated too much ofa willingness on the part of the government to sacrifice freedomsin the futile search for a spy.Vise, David A.The Bureau and the Mole: The Unmasking ofRobert Philip Hanssen, the Most Dangerous Double Agent in FBIHistory.New York: Grove Press, 2002.285p.Vise s account of the Hanssen spy case is notable for its inclusionof many pieces of original correspondence between Hanssen andhis Russian handlers, e-mails, and other correspondence authoredby Hanssen.Vise attributes Hanssen s espionage both to the pur-suit of money and an emotional response to his treatment by theFBI, which he viewed as a corrupt father figure.In the epiloguehe notes that every time he was passed over for promotion, Hans-sen responded by attempting grand, daring feats of espionage. Vise s account of the Hanssen case also gives considerable atten-tion to the actions of FBI Director Louis Freeh and his clashes withPresident Bill Clinton s White House over how to proceed on theHanssen case.Wise, David.Nightmover: How Aldrich Ames Sold the CIA to theKGB for $4.6 Million.New York: HarperCollins, 1995.356p.Wise, a prolific author of works on intelligence, details the espi-onage activities of Aldrich Ames and his arrest.The book beginswith Ames s capture and then traces his career backward.Wisealso gives attention to the CIA and FBI efforts to find the mole inits midst.This account provides vivid insight into the highlybureaucratic and compartmentalized nature of intelligenceorganizations and the impact this has on counterintelligencework.In presenting Ames s story, the author provides detailedinformation about the process by which potential spies are iden-tified and recruited, along with the techniques used to pass infor-mation along. 200 Print and Nonprint ResourcesWise, David.Spy: The Inside Story of How the FBI s RobertHanssen Betrayed America.New York: Random House, 2002.320p.Wise has written widely on intelligence matters over his career,including the Invisible Government (1964) and the Politics of Lying(1973).What distinguishes Wise s account of the Hanssen spyaffair is this placement of the case within a more historical context.Wise notes that the FBI s problems with foreign spies in theirmidst can be traced as far back as 1962.The flawed efforts touncover these spies are recounted.Of particular merit is Wise sdiscussion of how a CIA agent was wrongly identified as the spyin this case.In his account of Hanssen s behavior, Wise shares withother authors an emphasis on Hanssen s unstable personality.Wright, Peter.Spy Catcher: The Candid Autobiography of aSenior Intelligence Officer.New York: Viking, 1987.392p.Peter Wright retired in 1976 after working for two decades inBritish intelligence.He was an officer in MI-5, which is roughlyequivalent to the FBI and is charged with counterespionage in thename of protecting British state secrets from foreign spies andpreventing domestic subversion and sabotage.His account pro-vides insight into the sharing of information between Westernintelligence organizations.It also provides a firsthand account ofBritish efforts to deal with Soviet penetrations of its intelligenceorganizations.Journal ArticlesBerkowitz, Bruce, and Allan E.Goodman. Why Spy AndHow In the 1990s? Orbis 36 (1992): 269 281.Written shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, this articleis important because it makes an early post Cold War case for thecontinued importance of intelligence and intelligence agencies.Where later accounts would stress the growing importance of eco-nomic espionage to national security, Berkowitz and Goodmanmake the case for the continued need for military-oriented intelli-gence.They also present an agenda for intelligence reform thatincludes liberating the intelligence budget from the DefenseDepartment, enhancing the power of the Director of CentralIntelligence, and improving relations between the users and pro- Journal Articles 201ducers of intelligence.This article does not directly address espi-onage in the post Cold War era but does provide an importantreference point for understanding the larger debate over intelli-gence reform of which the future of espionage is a major part.Clarke, Duncan. Israel s Economic Espionage in the UnitedStates. Journal of Palestine Studies 27 (1998) 4: 20 36.Relying heavily upon American government documents andnewspaper accounts, Clarke describes the scope of Israeli eco-nomic espionage in the United States.He attributes four motivesto Israel in this matter: strengthening its industrial base, sellinginformation for profit, trading information with other states, andconfidence that it will not be punished and that its espionageefforts will not affect U.S.-Israel strategic relations.AlthoughIsrael is not the only state to engage in economic espionage in theUnited States, it is seen as being the most effective.Examplesgiven include espionage directed at gaining state-of-the-art opti-cal equipment for aerial surveillance, blueprints for the F-16fighter, and nuclear-grade weapons uranium.The article con-cludes with a discussion of the reasons for the lax response to evi-dence of Israeli economic espionage.Again, although the circum-stances are unique, that tepid U.S.response is seen as beingcommonplace.Demarest, Geoffrey. Espionage in International Law. DenverJournal of International Law and Policy 24 (1996): 321 348.The author notes that intelligence gathering, including espionage,is a well-established and accepted practice in world politics.Atthe same time it is widely acknowledged that spying as an activ-ity is illegal, and spies can be punished.In this work Demarestexplores the dual nature of espionage.He correctly notes that tothe extent that international law has addressed espionage, it hasdone so in a wartime context.The conventional approach is totreat peacetime espionage as an issue of domestic law.Going backto the writing of Hugo Grotius and moving forward to the 1977Geneva Protocols, Demarest traces the manner in which spyingand spies are treated in international law
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