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.Based on author s interview with Mark O Neill, South China Morning Post, inShanghai, August 2003.Chapter 81.Histories of the Korean War include P.Lowe, The Korean War, Palgrave Macmil-lan, London, 2000; B.Catchpole, The Korean War, 1950 53, Constable & Robinson,Colchester, 2001; C.Malkasian, The Korean War, Osprey, Osceola, 2001; and W.Stueck, The Korean War: An International History, Princeton University Press,Princeton, 1997.2.D.Oberdorfer, The Two Koreas, Warner Books, London, 1997, p.7.3.The Pueblo was seized on 23 January.The Tet Offensive started on 30 January.LBJ announced in March 1968 that he would not seek re-election.Despite theofficial histories it appears that the Pueblo s capture was an accident that causedconsternation in Pyongyang as at the time.The EC-121 spy plane was shot downin 1969 (on Kim Il-sung s birthday), with the loss of thirty-one US lives, in whatwas rumoured to be a last-ditch attempt by former guerrilla generals to provetheir military capabilities and prevent their marginalisation by Kim after mosthad been purged by 1968.4.The Nixon visit took place 21 28 February 1972 and resulted in the ShanghaiCommuniqué wherein both sides expressed their agreements and differences onbilateral and international issues.5.Kissinger secretly visited Beijing to prepare for Nixon s visit, flying fromIslamabad to Beijing, reportedly disguised as a woman.6.The Nixon, or Guam, Doctrine, was announced in July 1969.Nixon stated thathenceforth the US expected its Asian allies to take care of their own militarydefence.7.The tree-cutting incident was confusing for all concerned as the chain of eventswas unclear.So far as can be established the Americans were unaware that theNorth Koreans had already challenged a group of ROK soldiers sent to trim thetree earlier.Whatever the cause it certainly angered Kissinger, who stated thatthe DPRK must pay the price for the US dead and that North Korean bloodmust be spilled. 310 North Korea8.Appointed in 1973, Hollingsworth had experience in World War II and Vietnam.He inspired confidence in Park, who supported his ideas of forward defence andallocated several million US dollars to build roads and other facilities closer tothe DMZ supporting the strategy.9.Carter had noted strong support for greater human rights in South Korea fromsenators and congressmen in April 1976 when the ROK government arrested andthen imprisoned a number of protesting Christian leaders.10.In 1975 a DPRK reconnaissance group was discovered photographing US airbasesin the ROK, while in 1976 DPRK soldiers were apprehended south of the DMZ.In July 1977 a US army helicopter strayed into the Northern side of the DMZand was shot down.Three Americans were killed and another imprisoned in theDPRK.Carter claimed the incursion was an error of navigation.The DPRK,keen to keep Carter on side , returned the bodies and released the capturedAmerican within three days.11.Park was not missed in Washington as he had clashed with the US militarycommand regularly, refused US entreaties to hold free elections and institutedpolitical repression that embarrassed the US.From 1961 to 1967 the US hadbugged Park s office despite the fact that Park had normalised relations withJapan, been consistently anti-communist and sent troops to fight in Vietnam.12.The annual Team Spirit was watched with trepidation by Pyongyang, whichsaw it as the prelude to a planned assault featuring amphibious landings,parachute drops and the deployment of nuclear-capable F1-11 fighter-bombersin the ROK.13.When Deng visited Washington in January 1979 Carter reportedly asked himto help broker US DPRK talks.Deng declined to do so.The normalisationof relations between the US and Beijing was enshrined in the January 1979Sino American Normalisation Treaty.14.Chun (1931 ) was a graduate of the Korean Military Academy, graduating in theAmerican-, rather than Japanese-inspired, syllabus.He had spent time trainingwith US forces and had worked for Park since 1961.He fought in Vietnam andled the pursuit of the DPRK agents that attempted to blow up the Blue Housein 1968.Chun was initially appointed chief investigator into Park s assassination,where he came into conflict with army chief of staff Chung Seoung-hwa.15.The Three Kims were Kim Dae-jung; Kim Young-sam, who was expelledfrom the National Assembly in 1979, sparking riots in Pusan; and former PrimeMinister Kim Jong-pil, DRP strategist and a founder of the KCIA.16.A.Mansourov, The Reagan Solution to the North Korean Puzzle , Nautilus Insti-tute, 3 March 2003, www.nautilus.org/fora/security/0315A_per cent20Mansourov.html.17.P.Bracken, Fire in the East, Perennial, London, 1999, p.xxvii.18.The biennial military exercise RIMPAC (Rim of the Pacific) 90 was held betweenApril and June 1990 and included the controversial bombing of the Hawaiianisland of Kaho olawe.RIMPAC 90 involved 55 warships, 50,000 personnel and200 aircraft.For the first time, a nuclear powered aircraft carrier, USS Independ-ence, participated with vessels from Japan s navy.19.This analysis of CIA reports is derived from J.D.Pollack, The United States,North Korea, and the End of the Agreed Framework , Naval War College Review,vol.56, no.3, Summer 2003, p.73. Notes 31120.Articles 41 and 42 of the UN Charter authorise the Security Council to imposeeconomic and diplomatic sanctions through the use of a militarily supportedblockade.21.The Atlanta-based Carter Center is a privately funded organisation establishedby Jimmy Carter that seeks to prevent and resolve conflicts, enhance freedomand democracy, and improve health.22.The Soviet graphite-moderated reactors were outdated and difficult to maintain,as well as to Americans concern being capable of plutonium extraction foruse in a nuclear weapons programme.23.North Korea Advisory Group, Report to the Speaker US House of Representa-tives, November 1999.24.The US inspection team visited the site five months later and found no evidenceof nuclear activity.A second site visit took place in 1999 after another food dealwas concluded.It later transpired that the DPRK had an undeclared facilityinside Mount Chonma, 30 kilometres from Kumch ang-ri.25.See S.Harrison, Korean Endgame, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2002,p.65.26.American policy documents identify rogue states as those that pursue repres-sion of their citizens, threaten neighbouring states, violate international treaties,seek to acquire WMDs, act as sponsors of terrorism, and generally reject American values.27. US to Bolster Military Alliance with South Korea, AFP, 25 September 2003.28. National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction , White House,Washington DC, December 2002.29.C.Johnson, Blowback, TimeWarner, New York, 2000, p.137.30.Reported in P.Maass, The Last Emperor , New York Times Magazine, 19 October2003.Chapter 91.Officially the visit by Kelly had been delayed from July to October 2002, due tothe deterioration in relations following the North South naval skirmish in June2002.2.Evidence of WMDs in North Korea has been scant, though it has been allegedby the US State Department, the Defense Department, the Federation ofAmerican Scientists, the CIA and the US-based Center for Non-ProliferationStudies that in 1954 the USSR captured Japanese chemical agents and deliverytechnologies with the KPA, and that the DPRK has continued to develop theseweapons.Further, the CIA has alleged that North Koreans have attemptedto purchase biological warfare agents from Uzbekistan
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