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.The design of the UAC, Shoot House, and CACTF facilities allows forbreaching of walls (wall breach charge DES).Generally, interior andexterior walls are constructed with blow panels using plasterboard orsome other similar type of material approximately, 4 feet by 4 feet.D-1.FACILITYMany types of organizations (Combat, CS, CSS) can train at these facilities.Trainersmust be certified before conducting demolition training per local SOP or MACOMpolicy.AR 385-63 lays out the safety requirements.D-2.CHARGEThe DES charges for use at the UAC, shoot house, and the CACTF are constructed toaffect the breach of a predetermined entry point but not to damage the facility itself.Theflex-linear shape charge, the doorknob charge, and the E-silhouette charge are allfield-expedient charges that are commonly used during urban operations training.Operational charges can be found in FM 3-06.11 (FM 90-10-1).However unit trainersmust consult with installation safety and combat engineers to determine the appropriatereduced charge.D-1 TC 90-1APPENDIX ELEADER DEVELOPMENT TRAININGTo be successful in combat, the Army must continually train to developand maintain combat-ready soldiers, leaders, and units that can performassigned tasks to specific standards.E-1.FUTURE SIMULATIONS TRAININGCommanders train their staffs to plan, coordinate, and synchronize their units operationsfrom initial mobilization and deployment.These operations include the full spectrum ofArmy operations; offense, defense, stability, and support.Current simulations lackadequate replication of urban scenarios, terrain, and weapons effects.The introduction ofWARSIM 2000 and OneSAF should help to solve these simulations modelingdeficiencies.a.For lower echelon units, battalion and below, constructive simulations (JANUS)complement collective battle staff training that occurs during virtual simulation similar tothe close combat tactical trainer and live events.For echelons above battalion, it becomesdifficult to use simulators or live maneuver to train.Studies to date indicate the crossoverpoint for simulation versus simulator is at the battalion level.Some training events frombattalion and below can be trained effectively using various types of simulators.Abovebattalion level, effective training almost has to be conducted with a simulation(Figure E-1).Constructive SimulationsEACCorpsDivisionBrigadeBattalionLIVE LIVEFTXFTXCompanyPlatoonCrewSoldierVirtual SimulatorsFigure E-1.Echelons and uses.b.Simulations that support leader and battle staff training focus on collective tasksrather than individual leader tasks.Simulations, used in this context, rely on the humandynamics in the command setting and use real-time actions in a tactical environment witha unit's go-to-war systems.This process forces commander and staff interaction thatE-1 TC 90-1provides feedback and helps refine the integration process.Battle staff trainingencourages team building, task coordination, and standardization of staff actions.(1) Constructive simulations can provide commanders large areas for conductingtraining, access to sensitive areas through computer and mapping technology, andfuturistically provide a much better level of fidelity in terms of urban operations terrainand scenario replication.(2) Simulations can portray large, capable, and doctrinally correct OPFORs.All ofthe soldiers portrayed in the units in a simulation do not have to be present in order forthe training to be realistic.An attractive feature of simulations has always been thereduced staffing necessary to conduct this type of training exercise.(3) Simulations can stress CPs and provide the realistic conditions under whichcommanders must make decisions.Brigade and below simulation (BBS) and corp battlesimulation (CBS) are well known for the stressful environments created during anexercise.The stress is realistic and can assist in conditioning the training audience beforeCTC rotations.(4) Simulations allow different units to train under the same conditions and to thesame standards.This technique is a unique feature of simulations as the exact weather,opposing force organization, location of units, and equipment can be used to train manydifferent units on the same terrain with the same conditions.(5) The size and number of personnel in a battle staff vary depending on the echelonand other demands unique to that commander.However, the BOS are represented by thefollowing staff officers: intelligence, operations, fire support, communications, logistics,air defense, and engineer (Figure E-2).CommanderSynchronizationC2 Command and ControlIntel OfficerIntel IntelligenceOps OfficerMnvr ManeuverFires Fires - Arty, Air, NavalM/C/S Mobility, Counter -M, SurvivabilityCSS Combat Service SupportADA Air Defense ArtilleryFire SupportEngineerLogistics OfficerCommo OfficerADA OfficerMessage Flow, Security, Jumping, SustainingFigure E-2.Battle staff and command post.(6) Characteristics and benefits of simulations used to support battle staff training arelisted below:E-2 TC 90-1" Builds and sustains staff teamwork." Builds and sustains effective and efficient organizations." Provides training and validation of command and staff procedures (SOPs,TACSOPs, FSOPs)." Provides proficiency to the individual staff officer while building proficiencyin a fully integrated staff." Allows practice of battle drills and tactical missions (movement to contact,hasty defense)." Allows commanders to determine if their staff and subordinate commandersunderstand the commander's intent and concept of operations.c.The major development efforts for FAMSIM is WARSIM 2000.WARSIM 2000,in conjunction with OneSAF, exploits new technologies to enable commanders and staffsat battalion through EAC to train in a realistic simulation environment (Figure E-3).Theincreased realism of WARSIM 2000 over existing models allows units to use ABCSsystems to synchronize across the complete range of operations.WARSIM 2000's designallows warfighting CPs to use organic ABCS equipment to interact with the simulationfrom training sites in the field, as well as from simulation centers.WARSIM 2000 willalso be capable of depicting a joint and combined environment across the operationalcontinuum.Urban OperationsSimulationsCAMTFCAMTFTRAININGTRAININGTASKSTASKSORPSORPSCCIVISIONDDIVISIONRIGADEBBRIGADEATTALIONATTALIONBBOMPANYCCOMPANYLATOONLATOONPPFigure E-3.Urban operations simulations crosswalk.d.Future simulation capabilities simultaneously integrate live, virtual, andconstructive environments (Figure E-4).The timeline in Figure E-4 below depicts whenE-3 TC 90-1this capability may be realized
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