[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
.The opposite of rejection is acceptance.Reject is often used with as + an adjective or adjective phrase:‘He rejected the idea as ridiculous’.‘She rejected my offer as being too expensive’.111Answer keyAddition, equation and conclusion (page 4)Exercise 1Answer keyAddition:and along with (this could also be equation) also as well as besides furthermore in additionmoreover too what’s moreEquation:equally correspondingly in the same way likewise similarlyConclusion:in conclusion in brief thus to conclude to summarize to sum up briefly thereforewe can conclude thatExercise 21.Furthermore / Moreover / In addition / What’s more (this is less formal than the other expressions) 2.As well as / Besides 3.Likewise / Similarly / In the same way (the verbs in both sentences – i.e., respect – are the same and refer to the same thing, so we can use a word of equation here) 4.As well as / Along with 5.In addition 6.Likewise / Similarly 7.Likewise / In the same way / Correspondingly 8.In brief 9.We can conclude that 10.Therefore ( To sum up, To conclude and To summarize are usually used to conclude longer pieces of writing – e.g., at the end of an essay.Thus is slightly more formal than therefore, but has the same meaning)Note: It is important that you are familiar with the way these words and phrases are used, including the other words in a sentencethat they ‘work’ with.Use a dictionary to look up examples of these words and phrases, and keep a record of them to refer to thenext time you use them.American English (pages 5 – 7)Across2.intermission6.over (in the context of repeating something completely only.In other contexts, again is used in the same wayas it is used in British English) 8.mail 9.recognize (note that in British English, this word can be spelt recognise or recognize)*11.theater* 13.underpass 16.gas 18.elevator 20.realtors 24.highway 26.raise 27.recess 29.guy 30.faculty**32.fall35.sedan36.store 37.defense*38.round-trip 40.alumnus41.cellphoneDown1.zip code 3.through 4.movies (movie theater is also used) 5.bill 7.labor* 10.gotten 12.apartments 14.travelers*15.first 17.sidewalk 19.movie 21.freeway ( expressway is also used) 22.this 23.dialog* 25.drugstore 28.subway 31.attorney ( lawyer is also used)33.eraser34.vacation39.bathroom* Note the following spelling differences between British and American English:Words which usually end in –ise in British English end with –ize in American English ( recognize, realize, itemize, etc.).Words which end with –re in British English usually end with –er in American English ( theater, center, liter, etc.).Words which end with –our in British English normally end with –or in American English ( humor, labor, color, etc.).Words which end with –ogue in British English normally end with just –og in American English ( dialog, catalog, etc.).Words that end in –ence in British English end with –ense in American English ( pretense, defense, offense, etc.).Words that end with –amme in British English usually just end with –am in American English ( kilogram, program, telegram, etc.)Words with a double L in the middle in British English (such as traveller or travelling) usually use a single L in American English ( traveler, traveling, etc), but some words that use a single L followed by a consonant in British English use a double L in American English (skillful, installment).There are other spelling differences which do not follow any particular ‘rules’, and these words have to be learnt individually (for example, judgement / judgment).** This is one of several words that are used in both British and American English, but which have a different meaning (oftendepending on the context in which they are used).In this case, faculty is usually used by North Americans to talk about the people who work in a school, college, university, etc, while in British English it is used to talk about a particular department in a university (e.g., the Humanities Faculty).Gas (see 16 across) in American English is a short form of gasoline.The word gasoline is also used in British English, but the word petrol is more common: British-English speakers normally use the word gas to talk about a substance that is used to heat the house or cook food.To make things more complicated, it also has the same meaningin North America.112Answer keyAnswer keyChanges (pages 8 – 9)Exercise 1.1.True 2.True 3.False: there has been an improvement4.False: there has been an increase5.False: there has been astrengthening of the dollar 6.False: there has been a relaxation of border controls 7.False: we’re increasing or building up our stock of coal8.True 9.False: there has been a slight fall10.False: they’re going to decrease the number11.False:there has been a decline12.False: there has been a tightening up of the rules 13.False: there has been a widening of the gap 14.True 15.False: there has been a downward trend 16.True 17.True 18.True 19.True 20.False: Americans want to broaden their horizons.Increase, decrease, rise, fall, progress and cut are used as nouns in these sentences.These words can also be verbs without changing their form.Deterioration, weakening, tightening up, growth, relaxation, narrowing, improvement and expansion are nouns or noun phrases in these sentences.They can also be used as verbs with a change in their form ( deteriorate, weaken, tighten up, grow, relax, narrow, improve, expand)Exercise 2The words in the box are:adapt replace expand promote reduce transform switch renovate exchange demote alter disappear vary raise lower extend enlarge heighten lengthen deepen shorten stretch revise amend cut outsource deteriorate streamline upgrade restructure downsize1.exchanged 2.adapt 3.transformed 4.renovated 5.switched 6.vary 7.expands 8.deteriorating 9.revised or amended ( revised prices are usually increased, but they can also go down, as in this example.This verb in this context is usually used in the passive voice)10.stretchedComparing and contrasting (page 10)1.contrast 2.differ 3.differentiate 4.characteristics 5.distinction 6.Compared 7.comparison 8.similar to 9.similarities 10.In the same way 11.Likewise 12.By way of contrast 13.Nevertheless / Even so / However ( Even so is more common in spoken than in written English) 14.discrepancy 15.whereasCondition and requirement (page 11)1.As long as 2.Unless 3.on condition that ( that = optional) 4.providing that ( that = optional.We can also say provided that) 5.preconditions 6.In case of (note that in this particular expression, we do not say In case of a fire.In other situations, an article or pronoun would be needed after in case of) 7.in the event of 8.stipulation 9.unconditional 10.Assuming that ( that = optional) 11.on the assumption that 12.prerequisites 13.terms / conditions 14.requirement 15
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]