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.TOLERATION ACT, 1689Toleration guaranteed to all dissenters but not Roman CatholicsIrelandIrish Catholics oppose the Protestant William and rise in favor of the exiled James II:James and French army land in Ireland:l1689 - the siege of Derryll1690 - the battle of the Boyne - James II and the Catholics defeatedllTreaty of Limerick - William becomes king of Ireland but the Catholics are allowed to exercise their religion.l1701 - James II dies in France - developments after his death to impact Britain until 1745:Louis XIV declares James Edward Stuart the Old Pretender the right successor to the English throne - a series of Jacobite uprisings follow.ACT OF SETTLEMENT - 1701Parliament's decision about throne succession.After William dies the crown should go to Anne, the Protestant daughter of James II, and after her death to the Protestant HOUSE OF HANOVERToday, the act defines the succession to the British throne.The monarch:a.cannot be or marry a Roman Catholicb.must be in communion with the Church of Englandc.must promise to uphold the Church of England and the Kirk and the Protestant successionReign of Queen Anne (1702-1714)The reign dominated by:John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough - ancestor of Winston ChurchillChief, statesman and national hero.War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713) involves England with the rest of Europe - an early type of world war.CAUSES:Louis XIV's decision to make Old Pretender king of England makes England declare war on France on the grounds of destruction of the balance of power in Europe by France - the War of the Spanish Succession.The English army under Marlborough wins a series of battles in Bavaria:1704, the Battle of Blenheimlgreat victory of the Englishllthe Blenheim Palace awarded to the Duke as a national hero.lLater Marlborough dismissed on the grounds of dishonesty.The war ends with the Treaty of Utrecht, 1713:lBritain gets Gibraltar, Minorca, Nova Scotia, and NewfoundlandllFrance stops aid to the Old Pretender and recognizes the HanoveriansllBritain becomes European powerl1707 ACT OF UNIONEngland and Scotland form Great Britain! - the name and the flag appear.Single Parliament and monarch.Separate legal systems and Churches.The House of Hanover (1714-1837)General characteristics:lBritain becomes the greatest Empire in the worldllthe first truly capitalist and industrial country - industrial revolution instead of social and political revolutionsllgrowing urbanizationllthe first true constitutional monarchy - kings become less important than ministers.lReign of George I (1714-1727)never learnt English, preferred Hanover to England.The reign begins with - the Jacobite Rebellion of Fifteen in 1715 (ROB ROY) with the aim to restore the Old Pretender:lin Scotland - fails at Sheriffmuirllin England - fails at PrestonlThe Old Pretender returns to France.1721 - the office of PRIME MINISTER and CABINET established - Sir Robert Walpole.Reasons:lpractical difficulties in controlling the executive by Parliament - the kings often did not appear for meeting with their ministers.llPrime Minister and Cabinet - an office responsible to Parliament, which could be dismissed by single majority vote.llGeorge I couldn't speak English!lReign of George II (1727-1760)Foreign policyA series of conflicts building up the British EmpireThe War of Jenkins' Ear and War of Austrian Succession (1739 -48)Reasons:lfriction in English and Spanish coloniesllsmuggling English goods to Spanish ports in AmericallBritish attempts to break Spanish trade monopolyllCaptain Jenkins of the Rebecca loses his ear in skirmish with Spanish guards - bring it back preserved in a bottle.lCourse:The English capture some Spanish American portsThe war involves France and War of Austrian Succession starts - ends in a stalemateScotland - The Jacobite Rebellion of Forty-Five (1745-46)Charles Edward Stuart, The Young Pretender - Bonnie Prince Charlie, lands in Scotland with just seven supporters and gathers army of the Highlanders
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